ARTICLE: Atoms for Sale? (2010)

DiMoia, John. “Atoms for Sale? Cold War Institution-Building and the South Korean Atomic Energy Project, 1945-1965.” Technology and Culture 51 (2010): 589-618. DOI: 10.1353/tech.2010.0021

South Korea’s nuclear program has a dynamic history. It began with nuclear technology assistance from the U.S. in the 1950s after the Korean War, but South Korea now has its own advanced technologies to export to foreign countries. In this article, John DiMoia suggests an alternative approach to the history of the South Korean nuclear program that differs from both the “transmission model” in the history of technology and the “developmental state” framework in Korean studies. He focuses more on the interactions between American nuclear scientists who assisted in the South Korean nuclear program and local Korean scientists in the late 1950s. Scientists from both countries played active roles in reaching agreements on many issues in establishing the South Korean nuclear program, and they acted on various motivations that included implementing the Atoms for Peace program, supplying electricity for a developing nation, and building a new scientific community. Thus, the scientists’ positions on the nuclear project were not always in sync with those of the state, which resulted in difficulties in selecting the site for the research reactor and determining the pace of the program. DiMoia argues that these kind of complex interactions paved the way for South Korea’s nuclear program. – Seong-Jun Kim

한국의 원자력 프로그램은 다이나믹한 역사를 가지고 있다. 1950년대 미국의 원조로 시작했지만, 이제는 해외에 기술을 수출할 정도가 되었다. 이 논문에서 존 디모야는 기술사에서의 ‘전파 모델’, 한국학에서의 ‘개발국가’ 접근을 넘어서는 다른 접근법을 제시하려 했는데, 그것은 1950년대 한국의 원자력 프로그램에 조언을 했던 미국 과학자와 한국 과학자들간의 상호작용에 더 주목하면서 가능했다. 한미 양측의 과학자들이 모두 각종 이슈들에 대한 합의에 이르는데 기여를 했는데, 그들은 Atoms for Peace 프로젝트의 실행, 국가재건을 위한 전력 공급, 새로운 과학자 그룹의 형성 등 다양한 목적을 염두에 두고 활동했다. 따라서 한국의 원자력 프로그램에 대한 과학자들의 입장은 정부의 태도와 항상 일치하는 것은 아니었다. 저자는 이러한 종류의 복잡한 상호작용이 한국 원자력 프로그램의 경로를 만들었다고 주장한다.  – 김성준

ARTICLE: Atoms for Sale? (2010) [Korean]

DiMoia, John. “Atoms for Sale? Cold War Institution-Building and the South Korean Atomic Energy Project, 1945-1965.” Technology and Culture 51 (2010): 589-618. DOI: 10.1353/tech.2010.0021

한국의 원자력 프로그램은 다이나믹한 역사를 가지고 있다. 1950년대 미국의 원조로 시작했지만, 이제는 해외에 기술을 수출할 정도가 되었다. 이 논문에서 존 디모야는 기술사에서의 ‘전파 모델’, 한국학에서의 ‘개발국가’ 접근을 넘어서는 다른 접근법을 제시하려 했는데, 그것은 1950년대 한국의 원자력 프로그램에 조언을 했던 미국 과학자와 한국 과학자들간의 상호작용에 더 주목하면서 가능했다. 한미 양측의 과학자들이 모두 각종 이슈들에 대한 합의에 이르는데 기여를 했는데, 그들은 Atoms for Peace 프로젝트의 실행, 국가재건을 위한 전력 공급, 새로운 과학자 그룹의 형성 등 다양한 목적을 염두에 두고 활동했다. 따라서 한국의 원자력 프로그램에 대한 과학자들의 입장은 정부의 태도와 항상 일치하는 것은 아니었다. 저자는 이러한 종류의 복잡한 상호작용이 한국 원자력 프로그램의 경로를 만들었다고 주장한다.  – 김성준

FILM: A Is For Atom (1953)

Urbano, Carl, John Sutherland Productions. 1953. A is for Atom, YouTube video, 15 min, posted by “nuclearvault,” Jul 30, 2009, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gi-ItrJISQE

This animated short was sponsored by General Electric, one of the key U.S. manufacturers of electric appliances, power generation stations, and nuclear weapon components, in an effort to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy. The film belongs to the genre of so-called “benevolent atom” films that were released during the 1950s as part of the “Atoms for Peace” campaign. A Is For Atom is an artifact of an era characterized by a strong narrative of belief in science and in technological progress. The potentially threatening nuclear technology is presented to the public in a “humanized” fashion, with elemental forces being depicted as humanoid figures such as Dr. Atom, who has an atom for a head. In a key sequence, the film introduces the five atomic “giants,” which “man has released from within the atom’s heart”: the warrior and destroyer, the farmer, the healer, the engineer and the research worker. Each of these giants is depicted as a majestic figure, towering over the earth, bringing progress and limitless growth to the world. The viewers are reassured that ”all are within man’s power and subject to his command,” that our future depends “on man’s wisdom, on his firmness in the use of that power.” –Christian Dimmer

Various versions of the film document can be downloaded at the Internet Archive or at the Open Video Project.

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FILM: A Is For Atom (1992)

Curtis, Adam. 1992. A is for Atom, Google video, 45:51 min, accessed Apr 24, 2011, from http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-1860517361048002456

The British 45-minute documentary A Is For Atom was named after the 1953 animated short of the ‘Atoms for peace’ campaign with the same title. The final installment of a BBC-2 series about politics and science, called Pandora’s Box, the film tells the story of the development of peaceful nuclear technologies in the United States, Britain and Russia, and how political and business forces of the time contributed to these transformation. In order to make the production of nuclear power plants profitable, for example, private corporations like Westinghouse and General Electric pushed for the construction of bigger plants in order to utilize economies of scale. However, with growing reactor sizes, safe operation could no longer be fully guaranteed. The film shows that despite repeated warnings by senior scientists from the Atomic Energy Commission  and the industry itself, the corporations succeeded in avoiding costly changes to the plant design. In the Soviet Union, on the other hand, political pressure for a rapid electrification of the country coupled with an insufficient budget resulted in inferior reactor designs, which ultimately culminated in the Chernobyl disaster. One of the most unsettling scenes of the film unfurls as AEC scientists state as early as 1964 that “we have found in our present study nothing. . . which guarantees either that major reactor accidents will not occur or that protective safeguard systems will not fail. Should such accidents occur very large damages could result.”  What they refer to are evocative of the problematic design issues of the very type of nuclear reactor that would be used later in the Fukushima No.1 plant that came into operation in 1971.
Christian Dimmer

A 10 minutes longer version of this documentary is available on the blog of director Adam Curtis