ARTICLE: Atoms for Sale? (2010)

DiMoia, John. “Atoms for Sale? Cold War Institution-Building and the South Korean Atomic Energy Project, 1945-1965.” Technology and Culture 51 (2010): 589-618. DOI: 10.1353/tech.2010.0021

South Korea’s nuclear program has a dynamic history. It began with nuclear technology assistance from the U.S. in the 1950s after the Korean War, but South Korea now has its own advanced technologies to export to foreign countries. In this article, John DiMoia suggests an alternative approach to the history of the South Korean nuclear program that differs from both the “transmission model” in the history of technology and the “developmental state” framework in Korean studies. He focuses more on the interactions between American nuclear scientists who assisted in the South Korean nuclear program and local Korean scientists in the late 1950s. Scientists from both countries played active roles in reaching agreements on many issues in establishing the South Korean nuclear program, and they acted on various motivations that included implementing the Atoms for Peace program, supplying electricity for a developing nation, and building a new scientific community. Thus, the scientists’ positions on the nuclear project were not always in sync with those of the state, which resulted in difficulties in selecting the site for the research reactor and determining the pace of the program. DiMoia argues that these kind of complex interactions paved the way for South Korea’s nuclear program. – Seong-Jun Kim

한국의 원자력 프로그램은 다이나믹한 역사를 가지고 있다. 1950년대 미국의 원조로 시작했지만, 이제는 해외에 기술을 수출할 정도가 되었다. 이 논문에서 존 디모야는 기술사에서의 ‘전파 모델’, 한국학에서의 ‘개발국가’ 접근을 넘어서는 다른 접근법을 제시하려 했는데, 그것은 1950년대 한국의 원자력 프로그램에 조언을 했던 미국 과학자와 한국 과학자들간의 상호작용에 더 주목하면서 가능했다. 한미 양측의 과학자들이 모두 각종 이슈들에 대한 합의에 이르는데 기여를 했는데, 그들은 Atoms for Peace 프로젝트의 실행, 국가재건을 위한 전력 공급, 새로운 과학자 그룹의 형성 등 다양한 목적을 염두에 두고 활동했다. 따라서 한국의 원자력 프로그램에 대한 과학자들의 입장은 정부의 태도와 항상 일치하는 것은 아니었다. 저자는 이러한 종류의 복잡한 상호작용이 한국 원자력 프로그램의 경로를 만들었다고 주장한다.  – 김성준

ARTICLE: Atoms for Sale? (2010) [Korean]

DiMoia, John. “Atoms for Sale? Cold War Institution-Building and the South Korean Atomic Energy Project, 1945-1965.” Technology and Culture 51 (2010): 589-618. DOI: 10.1353/tech.2010.0021

한국의 원자력 프로그램은 다이나믹한 역사를 가지고 있다. 1950년대 미국의 원조로 시작했지만, 이제는 해외에 기술을 수출할 정도가 되었다. 이 논문에서 존 디모야는 기술사에서의 ‘전파 모델’, 한국학에서의 ‘개발국가’ 접근을 넘어서는 다른 접근법을 제시하려 했는데, 그것은 1950년대 한국의 원자력 프로그램에 조언을 했던 미국 과학자와 한국 과학자들간의 상호작용에 더 주목하면서 가능했다. 한미 양측의 과학자들이 모두 각종 이슈들에 대한 합의에 이르는데 기여를 했는데, 그들은 Atoms for Peace 프로젝트의 실행, 국가재건을 위한 전력 공급, 새로운 과학자 그룹의 형성 등 다양한 목적을 염두에 두고 활동했다. 따라서 한국의 원자력 프로그램에 대한 과학자들의 입장은 정부의 태도와 항상 일치하는 것은 아니었다. 저자는 이러한 종류의 복잡한 상호작용이 한국 원자력 프로그램의 경로를 만들었다고 주장한다.  – 김성준

FILM: A Is For Atom (1953)

Urbano, Carl, John Sutherland Productions. 1953. A is for Atom, YouTube video, 15 min, posted by “nuclearvault,” Jul 30, 2009, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gi-ItrJISQE

This animated short was sponsored by General Electric, one of the key U.S. manufacturers of electric appliances, power generation stations, and nuclear weapon components, in an effort to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy. The film belongs to the genre of so-called “benevolent atom” films that were released during the 1950s as part of the “Atoms for Peace” campaign. A Is For Atom is an artifact of an era characterized by a strong narrative of belief in science and in technological progress. The potentially threatening nuclear technology is presented to the public in a “humanized” fashion, with elemental forces being depicted as humanoid figures such as Dr. Atom, who has an atom for a head. In a key sequence, the film introduces the five atomic “giants,” which “man has released from within the atom’s heart”: the warrior and destroyer, the farmer, the healer, the engineer and the research worker. Each of these giants is depicted as a majestic figure, towering over the earth, bringing progress and limitless growth to the world. The viewers are reassured that ”all are within man’s power and subject to his command,” that our future depends “on man’s wisdom, on his firmness in the use of that power.” –Christian Dimmer

Various versions of the film document can be downloaded at the Internet Archive or at the Open Video Project.

Note: This video may require you to open a new browser window.

FILM: Cold War Scenarios For Introducing Nuclear Energy To Japan (1995)

NHK. 1995. Genpatsu Dōnyū Shinario  Reisenka no Tainichi Genshiryoku Senryaku 原発導入シナリオ ~冷戦下の対日原子力戦略 [Cold War Scenarios for Introducing Nuclear Energy to Japan]. YouTube video, 45 min, posted by “naga2218,” Mar 27, 2011, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZnPdkg-lZE8

This NHK documentary tries to shed light on how Japan, the only nation in the world that experienced a nuclear attack, came to readily embrace a plan to generate energy using nuclear power during peacetime. As seen in earlier posts on this site, a strong anti-nuclear sentiment prevailed in the early post-war years, which peaked in 1954 after the crew of the fishing trawler Lucky Dragon No.5 was exposed to the nuclear fallout of American hydrogen bomb tests at Bikini Atoll. The film describes a process in which the president of the Yomiuri newspaper company, Matsutarō Shōriki, and the United States Information Service collaborated during the 1950s in order to overturn public anti-nuclear sentiment and to introduce the peaceful use of nuclear energy. The producers of the film seem to suggest that the introduction of plans for nuclear power generation to Japan was part of a Cold War strategy of the United States; critically underplayed are domestic political debates and foreign policy. –Akiko Ishii & Christian Dimmer

Please contact Akiko Ishii (akiko47 [at] gmail.com) to work on a collaboration to make English subtitles for this film for educational purposes.

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PART 3 of 3

FILM: Various British Pathé Newsreels (1952 – 1962)

Footage from the following three short newsreels were selected in order to show the prevailing anti-nuclear sentiment in parts of the Japanese public during the 1950s and 1960s. At the height of the protests against the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan (anpo jōyaku) in 1960, hundreds of thousands of Japanese took their anger to the streets in front of the National Diet. Considering such background, it may be hard to grasp at first why relatively few protesters have rallied against nuclear energy during the height of the Fukushima nuclear crisis so far. To put things into perspective, in the period of time immediately preceding Fukushima, fewer than 50 people would have typically demonstrated at any given time; the demonstrations of 10 April 2011, in which approximately 17,500 people marched in Tokyo and elsewhere in Japan, thus marks a dramatic increase. However, comparing contemporary demonstrations with those seen in the newsreel footage shown here, or with concurrent demonstrations in Germany this spring that have attracted 250,000 protesters, Japan’s protest movement remains comparatively small. How did what seems a largely uncritical acceptance of nuclear energy in Japan come to the fore?  –Christian Dimmer

British Pathé. 1957. Atom Fear Stirs Japan. Video, from British Pathé video film archive, http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=66625

Opening with the remarkable line, “radioactive rain brings new fears to atom-conscious Japan,” this snippet shows the strong public concern over British and Russian nuclear tests that have caused radioactive rain in Japan. Over 15,000 protest in front of the British embassy and umbrellas become a sales hit.

British Pathé. 1957. Jap Protest. Video, from British Pathé video film archive, http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=32824

“Stop the tests,” demonstrators in Tokyo demand in the aftermath of American and Russian nuclear tests. The strong anti-nuclear sentiment is further heightened by Britain’s announcement to also begin with hydrogen bomb tests. Subsequently, protests by “Japs,” as the announcer describes (a term that gained a derogatory connotation during World War II, now considered an ethnic slur), are staged in front of the American, Russian and British embassies in Tokyo.

British Pathé. 1962. Ban The Bomb Demonstration in Tokyo. Video, from British Pathé video film archive, http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=62269

Various scenes show a small group of students who protest the United State’s plan to resume nuclear tests in the atmosphere. The political bias of this Cold War newsreel is noted by the caricature of the demonstrators in which “leftists protest atom tests,” resisting the police with ”fanatical left-wing zeal.”